Unveiling the nature of atomic defects in graphene on a metal surface

• Karl Rothe,
• Nicolas Néel and
• Jörg Kröger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 416–425, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.37

• by noble-gas ion irradiation [6][13][14][17][19][21][24], represents an opportunity for systematic defect studies. The work presented here was stimulated by the lack of experimental data on the actual geometry of atomic-scale defects in graphene. So far, scanning tunneling microscope (STM

Investigating ripple pattern formation and damage profiles in Si and Ge induced by 100 keV Ar⁺ ion beam: a comparative study

• Indra Sulania,
• Harpreet Sondhi,
• Tanuj Kumar,
• Sunil Ojha,
• G R Umapathy,
• Ambuj Mishra,
• Ambuj Tripathi,
• Richa Krishna,
• Devesh Kumar Avasthi and
• Yogendra Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 367–375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.33

• earlier reports suggested that Ge is resistant to structural changes upon Ar+ ion irradiation, in the present case, a ripple pattern is observed on both Si and Ge. The irradiated Si and Ge targets clearly show visible damage peaks between channel numbers (1000–1100) for Si and (1500–1600) for Ge. The

• chosen from the literature [37][38] as 3, 5, 7, and 9 × 1017 ions/cm2 to induce complete amorphization within the two surfaces up to the ion range. The ion irradiation experiment was performed in the 90-degree beam line dedicated for materials science experiments in the Low-Energy Ion Beam (LEIB

• analysis of Si and Ge samples irradiated with a fluence of 9 × 1017 ions/cm2 was performed in cross-sectional mode. The TEM image clearly reveals the surface modification occurred due to Ar ion irradiation. At fewer places, Ar bubbles of ≈15 nm were also visible (marked with a dotted section) in Si. It was

Ion beam processing of DNA origami nanostructures

• Leo Sala,
• Agnes Zerolová,
• Violaine Vizcaino,
• Alain Mery,
• Alicja Domaracka,
• Hermann Rothard,
• Philippe Boduch,
• Dominik Pinkas and
• Jaroslav Kocišek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 207–214, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.20

• by ion beams, modeling ion implantation, lithography, and sputtering conditions. Structural changes in 2D DNA origami nanostructures deposited on Si are analyzed using AFM imaging. The observed effects on DNA origami include structure height decrease or increase upon fast heavy ion irradiation in

• vacuum and in air, respectively. Slow- and medium-energy heavy ion irradiation results in the cutting of the nanostructures or crater formation with ion-induced damage in the 10 nm range around the primary ion track. In all these cases, the designed shape of the 2D origami nanostructure remains

• common type of beam processing, namely focused ion beam technology (FIB). Following the results of high- and medium-energy ion irradiation on deposited DNA origami nanostructures, which will be presented in this work, we wanted to explore whether we could observe similar effects using a commonly used

Ultralow-energy amorphization of contaminated silicon samples investigated by molecular dynamics

• Grégoire R. N. Defoort-Levkov,
• Alan Bahm and
• Patrick Philipp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 834–849, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.68

• conditions for contaminant removal. Sample purity is also enhanced since fewer argon atoms are implanted into the sample. This hypothesis regarding contamination removal will be confirmed in the section on the sputtering yields. Sputtering yield The sputtering yield in ion irradiation experiments is

Influence of water contamination on the sputtering of silicon with low-energy argon ions investigated by molecular dynamics simulations

• Grégoire R. N. Defoort-Levkov,
• Alan Bahm and
• Patrick Philipp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 986–1003, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.86

• extreme cases. Nowadays, very little is known about the influence of contaminations on the amorphization process under ion irradiation. Thanks to molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, a wide range of materials properties and process parameters can be reproduced [27][28][29]. In this paper, we are using MD

• cascade happened and to increase it after the energy dissipated into the system. During the ion irradiation simulations, the bottom slab of the sample (one lattice high) was set in an NVT ensemble using the same methodology in order to reproduce a heat-bath effect [55]. The remaining atoms were kept in

• (iii) the crystalline region, which remains unaffected underneath by ion irradiation. Closer to grazing incidence (e.g., above 75°), argon implantation becomes sparse; however, fragmentation and sputtering of water molecules reach maximum values. Hence, sputtering yields and molecular fragmentation

A broadband detector based on series YBCO grain boundary Josephson junctions

• Egor I. Glushkov,
• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Leonid S. Kuzmin and
• Leonid S. Revin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 325–333, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.27

• deposition of YBaCuO films on a bicrystal substrate [25]. This problem can be mitigated by using ion irradiation [4][18][26] or step-edge junction technology [19], which will significantly increase the receiving properties and efficiency of the JJ series at high frequencies. While the integral received power

Is the Ne operation of the helium ion microscope suitable for electron backscatter diffraction sample preparation?

• Annalena Wolff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 965–983, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.73

• values throughout the work against which the ion-irradiation-induced effects are evaluated. All values can be found in Table 1. Non-irradiated copper: electropolishing and Ar ion polishing To evaluate the effect of electropolishing and argon ion polishing on EBSD measurements, the Cu sample was polished

• challenging stress/strain analysis. Irradiation of copper at 0° incidence angle To assess the effect of ion irradiation, the copper TEM lamella grids were irradiated with Ga ions using a Ga FIB/SEM or Ne ions using HIM. An ion dose of 3371 ions/nm2 was chosen to allow a comparison with a previously reported

• study on Ga-induced phase transformations in copper [34]. A lower ion dose (2247 ions/nm2) was also evaluated as it corresponds to the dose that is achieved for commonly reported EBSD polishing time values over larger areas [39]. 30 keV Ga ion irradiation at 0° incidence angle The ion trajectory plot

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

• applications using the highest doses (many orders of magnitude higher than the largest dose shown in Figure 1c) are milling and gas-assisted ion beam-induced deposition. Review 1 Defect engineering The use of the HIM as a source of localized helium ion irradiation with which to tune material properties through

• nanoscale regions. Several other studies of selective helium ion-induced conductivity changes in graphene have also been conducted [23] and a theoretical treatment of defect-induced conductivity changes upon helium ion irradiation of free-standing compared to supported monolayer graphene can be found in [24

• ]. Various 2D transition metal dichalcogenides have also been the subject of conductivity-tuning studies in the HIM. For example, Fox et al. showed that site-selective helium ion irradiation, introducing point defects and local disorder, transformed targeted regions of a supported pristine few-layer MoS2

The patterning toolbox FIB-o-mat: Exploiting the full potential of focused helium ions for nanofabrication

• Victor Deinhart,
• Lisa-Marie Kern,
• Jan N. Kirchhof,
• Sabrina Juergensen,
• Joris Sturm,
• Enno Krauss,
• Thorsten Feichtner,
• Sviatoslav Kovalchuk,
• Michael Schneider,
• Dieter Engel,
• Bastian Pfau,
• Bert Hecht,
• Kirill I. Bolotin,
• Stephanie Reich and
• Katja Höflich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 304–318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.25

• -based devices encoding bits using nanoscale domain walls or skyrmions [4]. The magnetic properties of thin magnetic films and multilayers can directly be modified in a controlled manner by low-dose ion irradiation. Local variation of the dose using masks or focused ion beams leads to pure magnetic

• opposite out-of-plane magnetization in remanence. We are particularly interested in how ion irradiation changes the morphology of the magnetic domains and how it influences the nucleation and annihilation of domains in a typical adiabatic field cycle as well as after picosecond laser excitation [37][38

Bio-imaging with the helium-ion microscope: A review

• Matthias Schmidt,
• James M. Byrne and
• Ilari J. Maasilta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.1

• lower than 1014 ions·cm−2. However, lanthanide-doped nanoparticles proved to be relatively stable against the ion irradiation and seem to be promising materials for biomarkers to be used with the HIM. Later, Mi developed a particle-accelerator-based setup with high-energy protons and alpha particles to

Out-of-plane surface patterning by subsurface processing of polymer substrates with focused ion beams

• Serguei Chiriaev,
• Luciana Tavares,
• Vadzim Adashkevich,
• Arkadiusz J. Goszczak and
• Horst-Günter Rubahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1693–1703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.151

• -plane features, at the nanoscale, of the pre-deposited films. Ion irradiation of the Au-coated samples results in delamination, bulging, and perforation of the Au film, which is attributed to the accumulation of gases from radiolysis at the film–substrate interface. The irradiation with Ne+ and Ga+ ions

• the PMMA polymer under ion irradiation [5][6][7]. The most important physical and chemical phenomena behind this material modification include scission and cross-linking of polymer chains, which can occur simultaneously, as well as the formation of volatile molecules and their desorption from the

• been directed by their diverse applications in micro- and nanotechnology and by the high susceptibility of their structure to ion irradiation [5]. Another important aspect is that the chosen materials are different in their chemical structure, chemical composition, and mechanical properties. This is

Effect of localized helium ion irradiation on the performance of synthetic monolayer MoS₂ field-effect transistors

• Jakub Jadwiszczak,
• Pierce Maguire,
• Conor P. Cullen,
• Georg S. Duesberg and
• Hongzhou Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1329–1335, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.117

• Technology, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.11.117 Abstract Helium ion irradiation is a known method of tuning the electrical conductivity and charge carrier mobility of novel two-dimensional semiconductors. Here, we report a systematic

• spread of a typical focused He+ ion probe is several nanometers, the formation of other defects in the irradiated 2D crystal lattice is also expected [25][26], which may bring about the often-observed negative shifts of the MoS2 FET threshold voltage after ion irradiation. Such n-type doping behavior

• this paper, we investigate the effect of the defect population on the performance of MoS2 FETs via varying the area of ion irradiation in the FET channel. We also examine the performance of devices upon irradiation of one of the electrical contact interfaces. Experimental Monolayer MoS2 samples were

An atomic force microscope integrated with a helium ion microscope for correlative nanoscale characterization

• Santiago H. Andany,
• Gregor Hlawacek,
• Stefan Hummel,
• Charlène Brillard,
• Mustafa Kangül and
• Georg E. Fantner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1272–1279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.111

• sensitivities to helium ion irradiation than to electron irradiation in terms of charge per area [14]. Patterning resolution down to 4 nm has been demonstrated on HSQ resist [15], surpassing electron beam lithography, which greatly suffers from the proximity effect. In a combined AFM–HIM setup, the AFM could be

Hexagonal boron nitride: a review of the emerging material platform for single-photon sources and the spin–photon interface

• Stefania Castelletto,
• Faraz A. Inam,
• Shin-ichiro Sato and
• Alberto Boretti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 740–769, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.61

• were studied. Here the correlations between material structural features and the location of SPEs from bulk down to the monolayer was studied at room temperature. Chemical etching and ion irradiation are used to generate the SPEs in h-BN various materials. Their photo-dynamics analysis reveals

• tentatively assign a larger variability of ZPLs in methods involving annealing and chemical etching (see Table 4), while methods like electron irradiation, ion irradiation, and neutron irradiation tend to have emission more likely in the region of 580 nm if annealing is not performed. Electron and ion

• irradiation seems to yield two different groups of emitters from the ZPL’s point of view [105]. Using strain induced formation, the emission appears shifted to shorter ZPLs at around 540 nm. However, a dependence on the material type also influences the ZPL’s variability based on the observed difference

Formation of nanoripples on ZnO flat substrates and nanorods by gas cluster ion bombardment

• Xiaomei Zeng,
• Vasiliy Pelenovich,
• Bin Xing,
• Rakhim Rakhimov,
• Wenbin Zuo,
• Alexander Tolstogouzov,
• Chuansheng Liu,
• Dejun Fu and
• Xiangheng Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 383–390, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.29

• formation of self-assembled nanoscale surface structures using off-normal ion irradiation has a few advantages over traditional photolithography techniques, i.e., the absence of fundamental restrictions for the size reduction of the formed structures and cost-effective production. However, the formation of

• -enhanced Raman spectroscopy [4]. Ion beam formation of nanoscale ripples has emerged as a versatile method to imprint uniaxial magnetic anisotropy [5] and to control the magnetic texture of thin films [6]. Formation of self-assembled surface nanoripple structures by monoatomic off-normal ion irradiation

• substrates have been employed, such as Si wafers, bulk Au samples or SiO2 films. There are very few papers on the ripple formation on the surface of confined nanostructures both by monoatomic and cluster ion irradiation. Therefore, in this research we study features of nanoripple formation on the facets of

Deterministic placement of ultra-bright near-infrared color centers in arrays of silicon carbide micropillars

• Stefania Castelletto,
• Abdul Salam Al Atem,
• Faraz Ahmed Inam,
• Hans Jürgen von Bardeleben,
• Sophie Hameau,
• Ahmed Fahad Almutairi,
• Gérard Guillot,
• Shin-ichiro Sato,
• Alberto Boretti and
• Jean Marie Bluet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2383–2395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.229

• centers was eventually demonstrated in [39]. The EPR spin number is 1 and the ZFS is 1.3 GHz. The NV in SiC has also been deliberately created by using ion irradiation in n-type and intrinsic 4H-SiC, showing it can be successfully fabricated [40]. As most of the emitters with spin properties in SiC are in

Stationary beam full-field transmission helium ion microscopy using sub-50 keV He⁺: Projected images and intensity patterns

• Michael Mousley,
• Santhana Eswara,
• Olivier De Castro,
• Olivier Bouton,
• Nico Klingner,
• Christoph T. Koch,
• Gregor Hlawacek and
• Tom Wirtz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1648–1657, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.160

• revealed that these samples charge significantly under He+ ion irradiation. The spot patterns obtained in the THIM experiments are explained as artefacts related to sample charging. The results presented here indicate that factors other than channeling, blocking and surface diffraction of ions have an

Choosing a substrate for the ion irradiation of two-dimensional materials

• Egor A. Kolesov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 531–539, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.54

• Egor A. Kolesov Belarusian State University, 4 Nezavisimosti Av., 220030 Minsk, Belarus 10.3762/bjnano.10.54 Abstract This study is dedicated to the common problem of how to choose a suitable substrate for ion irradiation of two-dimensional materials in order to achieve specific roles of certain

• -dimensional materials and as a practical guide on choosing the conditions necessary to obtain certain parameters of irradiated materials. Keywords: 2D materials; defects; hot electrons; ion irradiation; recoils; sputtering; substrate; Introduction Ion irradiation of two-dimensional (2D) materials is a

• generation of hot electrons in the substrate within the close proximity of the interface can lead to a more intensive electronically stimulated surface atom desorption [13][14], which already occurs directly in a 2D material under ion irradiation [13][15]. In [16] it was shown by Raman spectroscopy and

Sputtering of silicon nanopowders by an argon cluster ion beam

• Xiaomei Zeng,
• Vasiliy Pelenovich,
• Zhenguo Wang,
• Wenbin Zuo,
• Sergey Belykh,
• Alexander Tolstogouzov,
• Dejun Fu and
• Xiangheng Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 135–143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.13

• been revealed for 80 keV Xe ion irradiation of Au nanowires of 20 nm in diameter and micrometers in length [24][25]. The sputtering yield dependence on the gold particle size under bombardment with 20 keV С60 ions has been studied in [26]. At 9.3 nm the particle diameter the yield was 320, whereas for

Site-controlled formation of single Si nanocrystals in a buried SiO₂ matrix using ion beam mixing

• Xiaomo Xu,
• Thomas Prüfer,
• Daniel Wolf,
• Hans-Jürgen Engelmann,
• Lothar Bischoff,
• René Hübner,
• Karl-Heinz Heinig,
• Wolfhard Möller,
• Stefan Facsko,
• Johannes von Borany and
• Gregor Hlawacek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2883–2892, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.267

• pyrolysis [13] and ion beam synthesis in an SiO2 matrix [14][15][16][17]. Compared to conventional ion beam synthesis using low-energy ion implantation, collisional mixing of Si into an SiO2 layer by ion irradiation at higher energies leads to a better control over the Si excess, and a self-aligned δ-layer

• treatment. In Figure 2, the results are visualized for 50 keV and 60 keV Si+ irradiations of thicker (14.5 nm SiO2 with 50 nm top Si) and thinner (7 nm SiO2 with 30 nm top Si) layer stacks, respectively. TRIDYN simulations reveal that ion irradiation leads to interface blurring due to ion-induced atomic

• distribution, appropriate ion irradiation and thermal treatment conditions have to be identified. Selected examples of all investigated samples are presented in Figure 3. Figure 3a and Figure 3b compare different ion beam mixing conditions at an identical thermal budget (T = 1323 K, t = 60 s). If the applied

Disorder in H⁺-irradiated HOPG: effect of impinging energy and dose on Raman D-band splitting and surface topography

• Lisandro Venosta,
• Noelia Bajales,
• Sergio Suárez and
• Paula G. Bercoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2708–2717, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.253

• density of HOPG. Now, we intend to contribute to the understanding of structural changes in graphitic materials generated by intentional ion irradiation of HOPG surfaces. In this work we analyze the effect of dose and impinging energy of H+ ions on the D band of irradiated HOPG, which exhibits a double

• contaminants, allowing for the detection of elements even when the concentrations are only a few parts per million. The measurements were performed with a low current of protons at 2 MeV in order to leave the graphite lattice fairly undisturbed prior to the ion irradiation. Our PIXE spectra (not shown) had low

• the contribution of shorter and/or stronger buckled C–C bonds originating from the formation of C–H bonds due to the ion irradiation process. It has been reported that the D band of graphene is more sensitive to defects than that of graphite [12][18][36], possibly because of a layer effect, in which

Metal-free catalysis based on nitrogen-doped carbon nanomaterials: a photoelectron spectroscopy point of view

• Mattia Scardamaglia and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2015–2031, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.191

• . There are many other nonradiative relaxation channels in nanosystems that affect the excitation lifetimes. Reproduced with permission from [83], copyright 2010 American Institute of Physics. (d–i) Production of defects in graphene under ion irradiation as revealed by the analytical potential molecular

Defect formation in multiwalled carbon nanotubes under low-energy He and Ne ion irradiation

• Santhana Eswara,
• Jean-Nicolas Audinot,
• Brahime El Adib,
• Maël Guennou,
• Tom Wirtz and
• Patrick Philipp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1951–1963, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.186

• Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg 10.3762/bjnano.9.186 Abstract The mechanical, structural, electronic and magnetic properties of carbon nanotubes can be modified by electron or ion irradiation. In this work we used 25 keV He+ and Ne+ ion

• to differences in stopping power and sputter behaviour. Keywords: carbon nanotubes; helium ion microscope; ion irradiation; Raman; simulations; Introduction Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been investigated intensively due to their excellent properties [1]. Modifying and tuning them by electron or ion

• ]. In general, single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have the tendency to group in bundles. By electron irradiation the different CNTs can be linked by inter-tube bridging, which allows the bending modulus to be increased by a factor 30 [5]. Similar results can be obtained by ion irradiation. Si

Amplified cross-linking efficiency of self-assembled monolayers through targeted dissociative electron attachment for the production of carbon nanomembranes

• Sascha Koch,
• Christopher D. Kaiser,
• Paul Penner,
• Michael Barclay,
• Lena Frommeyer,
• Daniel Emmrich,
• Patrick Stohmann,
• Tarek Abu-Husein,
• Andreas Terfort,
• D. Howard Fairbrother,
• Oddur Ingólfsson and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2562–2571, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.256

• energy range of 50–100 eV [10][11][12], but has also been realized through UV irradiation [13], ion irradiation in a helium ion microscope [14], and through high-energy electrons in the keV energy range [15]. In this context, the cross-linking is attributed to partial fragmentation of the monomers also

Ion beam profiling from the interaction with a freestanding 2D layer

• Ivan Shorubalko,
• Kyoungjun Choi,
• Michael Stiefel and
• Hyung Gyu Park

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 682–687, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.73

• yield of graphene, γC/Ga+ = NC/NGa+ ≈ 0.7. In reality, the removal of carbon atoms from the lattice leads to a lower probability of collision events during subsequent ion incidence. Thus, it leads to the decrease of sputter yield with increasing ion irradiation dose, as described in [14]. The obtained